Syllabus of End Term for Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (CVL 301)

Unit I

Section 1: Introduction

Fluid as continuum, physical properties of fluids, ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure – density - height relationship, pressure measurement using Manometers, Pressure force on plane and curved surfaces, centre of pressure, buoyancy, stability of immersed and floating bodies, metacentric height, fluid mass subjected to uniform accelerations. 

Section 2: Kinematics of fluid flow

Steady and unsteady flows, uniform and non uniform flows, laminar and turbulent flows, one, two and three dimensional flows, streamlines, streak lines and path lines, circulation and vorticity, rotational and irrotational flows, velocity potential and stream function, graphical and experimental methods of drawing flow nets, continuity equation.

Section 3: Dynamics of fluid flow

Euler’s equation of motion along a streamline and its integration, Bernoulli’s equation and its applications – Pitot tube, Venturimeter, orificemeter, nozzles, momentum equation and its application to stationary and moving plates/vanes, pipe bends, problems related to combined application of energy and momentum equations.

Unit II 

Section 4: Flow in Pipes

Reynold’s experiments, experimental determination of critical velocity, transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Laminar flow through circular tubes, major and minor losses in pipe lines, loss due to sudden contraction, expansion etc., Analysis of pipe networks, hardy Cross Method.

Section 5: Flow in open Channel

Comparison between open channel and pipe flow, uniform and non-uniform flows, uniform flow formulae, Chezy’s and Manning’s Formula, Hydraulically efficient channel section of rectangular, trapezoidal and circular type

Section 6: Flow through mouthpieces and orifices

Hydraulic coefficients of orifice, bell method orifice, mouthpieces, Borda's mouthpieces, running free and submerged. Notches and Weirs: Rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal notches and weir, cippoletti and broad crested weir, aeration of nappe, cavitations submerged weir.